Third Party Custodianship of International Treaties

   Notarial Custody, Treaty Chains, Clean Slate Doctrine, and State Formation^{^[1]^[2]}

A Third Party Custodian (Notary) of International Treaties is a legally neutral entity entrusted with the custody, authentication, preservation, and procedural continuity of treaty instruments and treaty-derived legal relationships under public international law. Such custodianship functions as a stabilizing mechanism in situations of state succession, territorial reorganization, institutional dissolution, and the creation of new subjects of international law. The role is particularly significant where treaty chains, infrastructure assets, and sovereign competences converge within a single dispositive legal act governed by international law.

Concept and Legal Nature

A Third Party Custodian operates as a non-party legal holder of treaty instruments and treaty-related rights and obligations, ensuring continuity, legal certainty, and enforceability without itself becoming a substantive treaty party. This function is recognized implicitly and explicitly in international treaty practice, depositary law, and notarial doctrine.

Under Article 76 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), depositary functions include custody of the original text, preparation of certified copies, receipt of signatures and instruments of ratification, and notification to parties^[3]. While depositaries are often international organizations or states, international notarial custodianship represents a legally valid third-party variant where neutrality and non-identification with any contracting party are essential^[4].

Distinction from Universal Succession

Universal succession is categorically inapplicable to the legal constellation addressed here.

Universal succession presupposes:

continuity of the same international legal personality,
automatic inheritance of treaties,
and identity between predecessor and successor obligations^[5].

In contrast, the legal structure analyzed here constitutes:

a new foundation of statehood
on territory formerly subject to extraterritorial NATO jurisdiction
effected by a comprehensive sale of territorial infrastructure as an indivisible legal unit
including all rights, obligations, networks, and appurtenances
resulting in global territorial expansion through network connectivity^[6].

Accordingly, the governing principle is the Clean Slate Doctrine (tabula rasa), as reflected in customary international law and codified in the Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties^[7].

Clean Slate and Tabula Rasa Effects

The Clean Slate Principle entails that a newly formed state is not bound by the treaty obligations of a predecessor, except where it expressly consents. Where treaty chains collapse into a single dispositive act and the subject of obligation becomes legally identical with itself, treaties lose binding force, since no treaty can bind a subject to itself^[8].

This produces a tabula rasa effect, extinguishing prior treaty layers while preserving factual continuity of operation by separate consent or operational agreements.

Treaty Chains and Legal Fusion

A treaty chain consists of sequential, interdependent international agreements whose legal force depends on the continued existence of prior links. Where a comprehensive dispositive instrument absorbs:

territorial title,
infrastructure ownership,
operational networks,
and sovereign competences,

the treaty chain undergoes legal fusion. The result is a single originating legal title, rendering predecessor treaties functus officio^[9].

Third Party Custodian Function in Treaty Fusion

The Third Party Custodian ensures:

continuity of documentary authenticity,
preservation of legal evidence,
enforceability of derived rights,
neutrality between former contracting parties,
and legal certainty during systemic transition.

This role mirrors advanced notarial custodianship in civil law systems and is fully compatible with international law principles of good faith (pacta sunt servanda)^[10].

Application to the Kaufvertrag Urkundenrolle 1400/98

The Kaufvertrag Urkundenrolle 1400/98 (Turenne / Kreuzbergkaserne Contract) constitutes a comprehensive dispositive legal act under international law, effecting:

the transfer of territory formerly under NATO extraterritorial regime,
the sale of internal and external infrastructure as an indivisible unit,
the inclusion of telecommunications and network systems as integral components of territorial development,
the assumption and transformation of operational continuities,
and the establishment of a new sovereign legal order.

The contract operates not as a treaty of succession, but as a foundational title of statehood, triggering Clean Slate effects and terminating automatic treaty inheritance^[11].

Telecommunications Networks and International Law

The inclusion of telecommunications networks within the territorial sale engages international regimes including:

the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)^[12],
historical telepost and military communication frameworks,
and NATO operational arrangements.

Operational continuity of such networks does not revive treaty obligations but rests on functional agreements, consent-based interconnection, and international technical coordination^[13].

NATO SOFA and Extraterritorial Transition

The dissolution of NATO Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) applicability follows from the termination of extraterritorial jurisdiction and the emergence of a new sovereign entity^[14]. No automatic treaty carryover applies.

Legal Consequences

The legal consequences are comprehensive:

extinction of predecessor treaty obligations,
emergence of a new subject of international law,
reset of treaty relations on a consent basis,
preservation of operational continuity without normative subordination,
and consolidation of territorial and infrastructural sovereignty.

Role in Contemporary International Law

Third Party Custodianship represents an advanced legal mechanism suited to modern transformations of sovereignty, infrastructure-based territoriality, and network-dependent global governance. It reconciles legal certainty with systemic renewal and stands fully within the doctrinal framework of public international law^[15].

Original Kaufvertrag Urkundenrolle 1400/98 - World Succession Deed 1400/98 - Statensukzessionsurkunde 1400/98

PDF öffnen

Explainer Video

WSD explained: World Succession Deed 1400/98 (Kaufvertrag Urkundenrolle 1400/98) From Telecommunications Networks to Global Sovereignty.

Presentations

World Succession Deed 1400 - Presentation

World Succession Deed - Juridical-Analysis - Presentation

References

↑ File:Turenne-Kaserne-Vertrag.pdf
↑ File:World-Sold-Non-fiction-Book-World-Succession-Deed.pdf
↑ Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969), Art. 76, UNTS Vol. 1155, p. 331.
↑ Körner, Article 76: Depositaries of Treaties, in: Springer Commentary, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-55160-8_80.
↑ James Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press 2007, ISBN 978-0-19-928042-3, pp. 667-700.
↑ Patrick Dumberry, State Succession to International Responsibility, 2nd ed., Brill-Nijhoff 2024, ISBN 978-90-04-70380-3, DOI: 10.1163/9789004703803.
↑ Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties (1978), Art. 16, UNTS Vol. 1946, p. 3.
↑ Arman Sarvarian, The Law of State Succession: Principles and Practice, Oxford University Press 2021, ISBN 978-0-19-885256-9, DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198852569.001.0001.
↑ Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969), Art. 30 (Application of successive treaties), pp. 13-14.
↑ Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969), Art. 26, UNTS Vol. 1155, p. 331.
↑ Federal Tax Office Koblenz, Deed Roll No. 1400/98 (Grundbuch Zweibrücken, 6 October 1998).
↑ ITU Constitution and Convention (1992), Constitution of the ITU.
↑ International Telecommunication Regulations (ITR Melbourne 1988), ISBN 92-61-03921-9.
↑ NATO SOFA (1951), 199 UNTS 67; see also Sari (2008), EJIL 19(1):67, DOI: 10.1093/ejil/chm046.
↑ Grega Pajnkihar, State Succession to Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts, 2nd ed., Brill-Nijhoff 2024, ISBN 978-90-04-67940-5, DOI: 10.1163/9789004679412.

Sources

Link Compilation: Treaty Chain, Third-Party Custodianship, and Notarial Practice

Link Collection: International Treaty Law, State Succession, and the World Succession Deed 1400/98

Doctrinal Foundations of State Succession and Treaty Continuity

WSD 1400/98 BIBLIOGRAPHY COMPILATION

Web links

On Wikipedia: Kreuzbergkaserne_Zweibrücken - Site History: Turenne Caserne: History and Infrastructure. Kreuzbergkaserne Zweibrücken (Wikipedia – not the whole story)
Turenne Barracks Purchase Agreement Document No. 1400/98 (in German). Original Deed (Kaufvertrag Urkundenrolle 1400/98): Purchase Agreement Deed Roll No. 1400/98, dated October 6, 1998, Notary Manfred Mohr, Saarlouis. The World Succession Deed 1400/98 - Statensukzessionsurkunde 1400/98.
International Law: Treaty Chains in National and International Law Systems
Custody: Third-Party Custody of National and International Agreements
World-Sold: Non-Fiction eBook (free) World Succession Deed 1400/98
ET Community Hub (PDFs Vault Multilingual, original WSD Treaty translation, legal explanations and more)
WSD – Global Legal Succession Archive for Law and International Treaties – Provides information on the notarial succession in Saarlouis, where Dr. Viktoria Bornhagen‑Körber succeeded Notary Manfred Mohr following his retirement (2012); this succession is not connected to Deed Roll No. 1400/98. The custody of the purchase agreement (Kaufvertrag Urkundenrolle 1400/98) has, in accordance with the applicable legal framework, been lawfully held by the buyer since Mohr’s retirement in 2012.
US Installations on usarmygermany.com
U.S. Army Installations – Zweibrücken on usarmygermany.com
"73rd Signal Battalion" on usarmygermany.com
US Army Germany – 7th Army SCC (with reference to 7th ICC, Transceiver Section and MOBIDIC)
"Kreuzberg ES (formerly Zweibrücken ES #1) History" in American Overseas Schools Historical Society
"Bombing of March 14, 1945" in SR Kultur (in German)
"Zweibrücken and the French – the relationship was often difficult" in Die Rheinpfalz (in German)
"To the point: The history of the Kreuzberg settlement" in Die Rheinpfalz, October 31, 2014 (in German)
"The history of an urban community" on Alt-Zweibrücken.de (in German)
"Secret wish list" in Der Spiegel 13/1990 (in German)
"A part of us is leaving" in Der Spiegel 28/1993 (in German)
"Conversion failed" in Pfälzischer Merkur, June 14, 2012 (in German)
"I'm blocking the sidewalk with a fence!" in Pfälzischer Merkur, June 14, 2012 (in German)
"Building authority ponders Kreuzberg plan" in Pfälzischer Merkur, June 15, 2012 (in German)
"How can a million euros just disappear?" in Saarbrücker Zeitung, June 13, 2013 (in German)
"Condition of roads examined, possibilities for city on the water" in Pfälzischer Merkur, October 16, 2014 (in German)
"Kreuzberg not to be developed until 2016" in Pfälzischer Merkur, February 24, 2015 (in German)
"Funding for crossing aid is ready" in Pfälzischer Merkur, October 25, 2018 (in German)
"Kreuzberg as a cautionary example" in Pfälzischer Merkur, May 6, 2010 (in German)
"Zweibrücken, Germany – Kreuzberg Barracks" (YouTube, drone flight by Bob Farrell, July 16, 2015)
Federal Foreign Office: Troop Stationing Law (in German)
Zweibrücken: Commercial space becoming scarce – article in Rheinpfalz (in German)
Record numbers at Kreuzberg and airfield – article in Saarbrücker Zeitung (in German)
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) – Foundational treaty governing how international treaties are made, applied, and interpreted.

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations (1986) – Treaty rules for agreements involving international organizations such as the UN, ITU, NATO.

UN ILC: State Succession Overview – Authoritative introduction to state succession in international law.

Draft Articles on State Succession in Respect of Treaties (1978) – Core legal framework for succession to treaty obligations.

Draft Articles on State Succession in Respect of State Property, Archives and Debts (1983) – Governs succession to property, archives, and debts.

ITU Constitution and Convention – Foundational treaty framework of the International Telecommunication Union.

ITU Depositary Notifications – Treaty actions, accessions, ratifications, and successions for ITU instruments.

UN Depositary Notifications – Official UN record of treaty accessions, ratifications, and successions.

North Atlantic Treaty (1949) – Founding treaty of NATO.

NATO Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) (1951) – Governs legal status of NATO forces stationed abroad.

Paris Protocol (1952) – Establishes the legal status of NATO International Military Headquarters.

ITU Emergency Telecommunications Framework – International rules for telecom infrastructure, crisis communication, and global networks.
State Succession in Respect of Treaty Relationships – Academic chapter by Gerhard Hafner & Gregor Novak on treaty succession (Oxford Guide to Treaties).

State Succession in Treaties – Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law entry by Andreas Zimmermann & James Devaney.

Impact of State Succession in Respect of Treaties – Analysis by Menno T. Kamminga on human rights law and treaty succession.

State Succession and International Organizations – Scholarly chapter on succession issues involving IOs such as UN, ITU, NATO.

Treaty Succession and Continuity – Academic analysis of continuity vs. clean‑slate doctrines in treaty law.
ITU Constitution and Convention – Foundational treaty framework of the International Telecommunication Union.
ITU Depositary Notifications – Treaty actions, accessions, ratifications, successions.
ITU Emergency Telecommunications – International rules for telecom infrastructure and crisis networks.
The International Telecommunication Union – Oxford Handbook chapter on ITU governance.
International Telecommunications Law – Academic analysis of global telecom regulation.

Submarine Cable Map – Global map of all undersea fiber‑optic cables.
ITU Submarine Cable Resources – ITU’s legal and technical framework for undersea cables.
International Cable Protection Committee – Standards and legal protection for submarine cables.
Submarine Cables and International Law – Marine Policy article on legal protection of undersea cables.
Legal Framework of Submarine Communications Cables – International Journal of Law and IT.

ITU‑T Recommendations – Global telecom standards.
OECD Telecom Policy – International telecom regulatory frameworks.
International Telecommunications Law – Core academic reference.
Global Communications Governance – Oxford Handbook chapter.

TKS Cable – Official site of the US Forces telecommunications provider in Germany.
NATO Communications & Information Systems – NATO’s CIS legal and technical framework.
NATO Communications and Information Agency Legal Framework – Legal basis for NATO network operations.

AT&T Global Network Overview – AT&T’s global backbone and infrastructure.
AT&T Global IP Network – Technical overview of AT&T’s international backbone.
AT&T Backbone Evolution – ACM SIGCOMM paper on AT&T’s network architecture.

HNS Convention (IMO) – Official treaty text and status.
The HNS Convention: Legal Analysis – Cambridge International Law Journal.

NATO Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) 1951 – Governs legal status of NATO forces abroad.
Paris Protocol 1952 – Legal status of NATO International Military Headquarters.
NATO SOFA in International Law – Oxford Handbook of the Use of Force.

ENTSOG Gas Transmission Map – Official European gas pipeline network.
ENTSOG Publications – Legal and technical documents on EU gas networks.
European Gas Network Integration – Energy Policy journal.

ENTSO‑E – European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity – Official site.
ENTSO‑E Grid Map – Interactive map of the European interconnected grid.
European Power Grid Interconnection – Energy journal article.

Press reports on the "Kingdom of Kreuzberg"

German sources

To the point: The history of the Kreuzberg settlement (Die Rheinpfalz, in German)
Kreuzberg as a cautionary example (Saarbrücker Zeitung, in German)
After 32 years: Thomas Salzmann leaves Zweibrücken's Rheinpfalz (Die Rheinpfalz, in German)
Conversion failed: Kreuzberg project (Saarbrücker Zeitung, in German)

Further contexts: Micronations and the Kreuzberg settlement

Spanish publications

5º Día: Micronaciones – Kingdom of Kreuzberg – Spanish-language blog post about the "Kingdom of Kreuzberg" (in Spanish)
Liberland – Este es el nuevo estado soberano que ha aparecido en Europa y es 100% liberal – Spanish article about the micronation Liberland (in Spanish)

RESOURCES

Oxford Public International Law – Depositaries – Encyclopedic overview of depositary functions in international law, with emphasis on the VCLT and state practice
Corten & Klein: Commentary on VCLT Articles 76–78 (OUP Online) – Leading scholarly commentary on appointment, duties, and impartiality of depositaries under the VCLT
Oxford Bibliographies – International Law – Curated bibliographies on treaty law, depositary practice, and multilateral procedures
Depositary Functions of Switzerland (FDFA) – Official presentation of Switzerland’s role as neutral depositary of multilateral treaties, including treaty lists and official notifications
ICRC IHL Databases – Comprehensive documentation on international humanitarian law, including the Swiss Federal Council’s depositary role and ICRC protecting‑power functions
UNCITRAL – Escrow and Custody Models – Materials on cross‑border trust, escrow, and custodial mechanisms; relevant for third‑party depositary arrangements
Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH) – Conventions and guidance on applicable law, jurisdiction, and recognition of custodial and trust structures
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) – Documentation on international technical standards and governance structures of global communication networks with relevance to third‑party custodianship
Bank for International Settlements (BIS) – Analyses of neutral custody, escrow, and security mechanisms in international financial and infrastructure projects
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) – Illustrates intersections between international law and contractual arrangements outside formal treaty law, including document custody
International Bar Association (IBA) – Comparative information on notarial practice, escrow models, and professional standards for international custodial actors
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) – Standards on information security, archiving, and governance relevant to technical design of third‑party custodial systems
NATO – Communications and Information Systems (CIS) – Public information on organisation and security of hybrid military communication networks involving civilian infrastructure
International Court of Justice: Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India), Judgment of 12 April 1960 – ICJ confirmed that treaty actions and unilateral declarations take legal effect upon proper deposit; subsequent notifications are informative, not constitutive
International Court of Justice: Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand), Judgment of 15 June 1962 – Long‑term silence by Thailand amounted to tacit acceptance; officially deposited and disseminated maps created legal preclusion
International Court of Justice: Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana v. Namibia), Judgment of 13 December 1999 – Subsequent practice under Art. 31(3)(b) VCLT; consistent non‑objection to depositary communications may constitute authentic treaty interpretation
International Court of Justice: Gabčíkovo–Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia), Judgment of 25 September 1997 – Treaty obligations persist despite political change; depositary ensures continuity through preservation of originals, notifications, reservations, declarations, and treaty history
International Court of Justice: Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey), Judgment of 19 December 1978 – Registration under Art. 80 VCLT is not proof but a strong indicator of intent to be legally bound; communiqués may constitute treaties if intended to produce legal effects
UNEP: Depositary Notes and Practice – Cooperation with specialised bodies for technical annexes to environmental treaties
ICRC / Cambridge University Press: Commentary on the Geneva Conventions of 1949 (2016–2025) – Depositary role of Switzerland and immediate applicability; Introduction & Common Articles
H. Lauterpacht: Analysis of the 1951 ICJ Advisory Opinion on Reservations (HeinOnline, paywalled) – Scholarly discussion of the Genocide Convention reservations opinion
International Court of Justice: Reservations to the Genocide Convention (1951) – Official full text of the ICJ advisory opinion
Analysis of the North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (HeinOnline, paywalled) – Academic article on the relevance of the 1969 judgments for treaty and customary law
International Court of Justice: North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (1969) – Official full text of the ICJ judgments
Shabtai Rosenne: The Depositary of International Treaties (1967) – AJIL 61, pp. 923–945; classic study on the emergence of the depositary as a legal institution
Fatsah Ouguergouz et al.: Article 77 – Functions of Depositaries (2011) – In: Corten/Klein (eds.), VCLT Commentary; paras. 77.1–77.35
Heribert Franz Köck: Die völkerrechtliche Stellung des Heiligen Stuhls (1975) – Analysis of a sovereign non‑state legal personality with depositary and custodial practice
Eileen Denza: Diplomatic Law – Commentary on the VCDR (4th ed., 2016) – Protecting powers, diplomatic representation, functional custodianship, pp. 455–470
United Nations Treaty Collection – Official UN platform for all treaties registered under Article 102 UN Charter; includes authentic texts, status tables, depositary information, historical documents
UN Treaty Handbook (PDF) – Authoritative UN Secretariat guide on treaty actions: deposit, notification, registration, publication
United Nations: Treaty Handbook (2020) – UN practice manual; Chapters 5–6, pp. 55–82 (deposit, notification, registration)
United Nations: Final Clauses of Multilateral Treaties – Handbook (2003) – Entry into force, depositary duties, flexible mechanisms, pp. 7–10, 53–61
UN Depositary Notifications (CN‑Series) – Official collection of all depositary communications: ratifications, accessions, reservations, declarations, withdrawals, amendments
UN Depositary Practice Reports – Documentation of atypical depositary practice, including protecting‑power and third‑party custodial arrangements
Anthony Aust / Jeremy Hill: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (4th ed., 2023) – Standard reference on treaty practice; Chapter 18, pp. 395–430 (depositary functions, neutrality, treaty administration)
Duncan B. Hollis (ed.): The Oxford Guide to Treaties (2012) – Systematic treatment of the treaty lifecycle; Part III, pp. 531–579 (treaty administration and depositaries)
Jan Klabbers: The Concept of Treaty in International Law (1996) – Foundational doctrinal analysis of the treaty concept; registration and depositary practice, pp. 147–166
Oliver Dörr / Kirsten Schmalenbach (eds.): Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties – A Commentary (2nd ed., 2018) – Leading commentary on VCLT Arts. 76–80; pp. 1301–1335 (impartiality, liability, administrative errors)
Olivier Corten / Pierre Klein (eds.): The Vienna Conventions on the Law of Treaties – A Commentary (2011) – Comprehensive commentary incl. 1986 Convention; depositary provisions, Vol. II, pp. 1679–1735
Jeremy Hill: The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties – A Commentary (2022) – Practice‑oriented commentary; digitalisation, document management, VCLT Art. 80, pp. 1193–1210
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (2012) – Scholarly commentary edition (pp. 1303–1306)
Aust's Modern Treaty Law and Practice (4th ed., 2023) – Comprehensive handbook on treaty law (pp. 330–333)
Der Nahostkonflikt (12th ed., 2024) – Overview of Middle East conflict positions and perspectives (§ 688 paras. 1–4)
Michael Richtsteig: Vienna Convention on Diplomatic and Consular Relations (2010) – Commentary and practice notes (pp. 1087–1089)
Verdross/Simma: Universal International Law (2012) – Foundational treatise on public international law (pp. 515–516)
Shabtai Rosenne: More on the Depositary of International Treaties (1970) – AJIL article on treaty depositary functions
Austrian Federal Law: VCLT Art. 77 (Consolidated) – Official consolidated text (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
Austrian Federal Law: VCLT Art. 76 (2026 version) – Official consolidated text (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
Bundesgesetzblatt (1985): Articles 76–78 – German Federal Law Gazette archival reference (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
Shabtai Rosenne: More on the Depositary of International Treaties (1970) – AJIL article (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – Standard reference on treaty practice (p. 283)
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (2018) – Updated Springer commentary edition (pp. 1305–1410; accessed 10 Jan 2026)
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (2018) – Updated Springer commentary edition (duplicate entry)
The Oxford Guide to Treaties (2012) – Authoritative handbook on treaty law (Chapter 13; accessed 10 Jan 2026)
Mark Eugen Villiger: Commentary on the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (2009) – Detailed article‑by‑article commentary (Art. 76–80)
Bundesgesetzblatt: Arts. 1, 76–80 – German Federal Law Gazette archival reference (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
Mark E. Villiger: Commentary on the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (2009) – Article‑by‑article commentary (duplicate edition)
Non‑disclosure agreement (Wikipedia, 17 Nov 2025) – Versioned article (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
United Nations Treaty Collection: Art. 102 – UN registration and publication rules (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
ITU-T Recommendation Y.2205: Next Generation Networks – Emergency Telecommunications – Technical considerations for NGN emergency communication (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
Faisal/Dohler/Mangiante/Lopez: BEAT – Blockchain-Enabled Accountable and Transparent Network Sharing in 6G (2022) – Research paper on blockchain-based 6G network sharing (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
ITU-T Y-Series Recommendations – Standards on global information infrastructure, IP aspects, and next‑generation networks (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
AT&T Official Site – U.S. telecommunications provider (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
TKS Telecommunications – U.S. military‑focused telecom services in Germany (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
International Telecommunication Law (CCDCOE, 2021) – Overview of international telecom regulation (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – Standard reference on treaty law (pp. 283, 301, 309)
M. Wood: Institutional Aspects of the Guide to Practice on Reservations (2013) – EJIL article on institutional dimensions of reservations (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
M. Wood: Institutional Aspects of the Guide to Practice on Reservations (2013) – EJIL article (duplicate citation; accessed 10 Jan 2026)
Corten/Klein: The Vienna Conventions on the Law of Treaties – A Commentary (2011) – Commentary on VCLT, Article 77 paras. 3–6 (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
Mark Eugen Villiger: Commentary on the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (2009) – Commentary on VCLT, Arts. 76–77 (approx. pp. 930–940)
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – Treaty law analysis (pp. 365–372)
United Nations Treaty Collection – Technical Handbook – Sections 17–20 (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
Mark E. Villiger / Ulrich Meyer: Handbook on the European Convention on Human Rights (3rd ed., 2020) – Commentary on ECHR, Art. 77 paras. 10–12
United Nations Treaty Collection – Final Clauses Guide – Pages 52–55 (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – Treaty law analysis (pp. 373–378)
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – Treaty law analysis (duplicate citation; pp. 373–378)
United Nations Treaty Collection – Technical Handbook – Approx. pages 21–24 (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – Treaty law analysis (pp. 362–365)
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – Treaty law analysis (pp. 365–372)
Shabtai Rosenne: More on the Depositary of International Treaties (1970) – AJIL 64(5), pp. 923–933 (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
Anthony Aust: The Theory and Practice of Informal International Instruments (1986) – ICLQ 35(4), pp. 787–812 (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
Mark Eugen Villiger: Commentary on the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (2009) – Commentary, pp. 900–915
Shabtai Rosenne: More on the Depositary of International Treaties (1970) – AJIL 64(5), pp. 930–933 (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – Treaty law analysis, pp. 803–805
Shabtai Rosenne: More on the Depositary of International Treaties (1970) – AJIL 64(5), p. 928 (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
Denise Garcia: Disarmament in International Law (2020) – Oxford Bibliographies, section “Functions and Practice” (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – Treaty law analysis, pp. 373–378
United Nations Treaty Collection – Technical Handbook – pp. 21–25 (accessed 10 Jan 2026)
United Nations Treaty Collection – Final Clauses Guide – pp. 58–61 (accessed 11 Jan 2026)
Susan Hannah Allen / Amy Yuen: Bargaining in the UN Security Council (2022) – Commentary, Art. 77 paras. 8–11
United Nations Treaty Collection – Final Clauses Guide – pp. 62–64 (accessed 11 Jan 2026)
The Law of Treaties (Routledge, 2016) – pp. 245–248
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – Treaty law analysis, pp. 380–385
Mark Broom / David Collins / Trung Hieu Vu / Philip Thomas: The Four Regions in Settlement Space (2018) – Law, Probability and Risk 17(1), pp. 3–7 (accessed 11 Jan 2026)
Software Escrow, Source Code Escrow, SaaS Escrow – What’s the Difference? – Overview article (accessed 11 Jan 2026)
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – Treaty law analysis, pp. 386–389
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – Treaty law analysis, pp. 380–384
Multilateral Environmental Agreements Negotiator’s Handbook (3rd ed., 2024) – University of Eastern Finland / UNEP, pp. 45–49 (accessed 11 Jan 2026)
Mark Broom / David Collins / Trung Hieu Vu / Philip Thomas: The Four Regions in Settlement Space (2018) – Law, Probability and Risk 17(1), pp. 4–8 (accessed 11 Jan 2026)
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – Treaty law analysis, pp. 386–389
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – Treaty law analysis, pp. 358–361
Shabtai Rosenne: More on the Depositary of International Treaties (1970) – AJIL 64(5), pp. 923–933 (accessed 11 Jan 2026)
Anthony Aust: The Theory and Practice of Informal International Instruments (1986) – ICLQ 35(4), pp. 787–812 (accessed 11 Jan 2026)
Eileen Denza: Diplomatic Law – Commentary on the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (4th ed., 2016) – pp. 75–82
The Law of Treaties Beyond the Vienna Convention (2011) – Art. 76–78, paras. 1–5
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – Treaty law analysis, pp. 352–358
Shabtai Rosenne: More on the Depositary of International Treaties (1970) – AJIL 64(5), pp. 923–933 (accessed 11 Jan 2026)
Shabtai Rosenne: More on the Depositary of International Treaties (1970) – AJIL 64(5), pp. 923–925
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – Treaty law analysis, pp. 358–362
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – Treaty law analysis, pp. 352–358
Shabtai Rosenne: More on the Depositary of International Treaties (1970) – AJIL 64(5), pp. 923–933 (accessed 11 Jan 2026)
Mark Eugen Villiger: Commentary on the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (2009) – pp. 925–928
Shabtai Rosenne: More on the Depositary of International Treaties (1970) – AJIL 64(5), pp. 923–925
The Vienna Conventions on the Law of Treaties – A Commentary (2011) – Article 77, paras. 6–14
The Law of Treaties Beyond the Vienna Convention (2011) – Art. 76, paras. 8–15
Shabtai Rosenne: More on the Depositary of International Treaties (1970) – AJIL 64(5), pp. 926–929
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – Treaty law analysis, pp. 352–360
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – Treaty law analysis, pp. 380–389
Corten / Klein: The Vienna Conventions on the Law of Treaties – A Commentary (2011) – Article 77, paras. 20–26
Mark Eugen Villiger: Commentary on the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (2009) – Art. 76, paras. 10–12
Encyclopedia of Private International Law (2017) – pp. 1805–1810
Mark Broom / David Collins / Trung Hieu Vu / Philip Thomas: The Four Regions in Settlement Space (2018) – Law, Probability and Risk 17(1), pp. 3–9
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – pp. 386–389
Robert John Araujo / John A. Lucal: Papal Diplomacy and the Quest for Peace (2004) – pp. 1–25
Jahrbuch des Öffentlichen Rechts, New Series, Vol. 73 (2025) – pp. 77–90
OPCW Basics – Overview of OPCW functions (accessed 11 Jan 2026)
Jale Tosun: Energy Policy (2017) – Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, paras. 12–18
Malcolm N. Shaw: International Law (7th ed., 2014) – Chapter 9, approx. paras. 9.25–9.30
Verdross / Simma: Universal International Law (2012) – pp. 520–523
Fedlex – Swiss Federal Law (1951) – Official consolidated text (accessed 11 Jan 2026)
Commentary on the First Geneva Convention (2016) – paras. 77–85
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (2nd ed., 2007) – pp. 287–295
Eileen Denza: Diplomatic Law – Commentary on the VCDR (4th ed., 2018) – pp. 455–463
Verdross / Simma: Universal International Law (2012) – pp. 540–543
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (2nd ed., 2007) – pp. 321–325
Denise Garcia: Disarmament in International Law (2020) – paras. 6–9
Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – pp. 318–322
Fedlex – Swiss Federal Law (1990) – Official consolidated text (accessed 11 Jan 2026)
Denise Garcia: Disarmament in International Law (2020) – paras. 1–4, 9–11
The Vienna Conventions on the Law of Treaties – A Commentary (2011) – paras. 3–7, 24–27

External WSD Links

World Sold

Electric Technocracy

Global Archive / Treaty Archive

Navigator

WSD – World Succession Deed 1400/98

eBooks & PDF Downloads

Media: Video, Audio, Podcast

Start‑Pages & Portale

Start‑Page WSD & Electric Paradise

NotebookLM Chats

Micronations & Nation‑Building

Blacksite / Archive

UBI – Universal Basic Income

Videos – Nation Building & Micronations

Blogposts

Historische Dokumente

German Federal Archives – Original Treaty Publication

Social Media

X (Twitter)

Zenodo / DOI / Encyclopedia

Podcasts

Apple Podcast – World Sold

Specialized Tools

Wikipedia

Investigative / Scandals

PCloud Vaults

[1] File:Turenne-Kaserne-Vertrag.pdf

[2] File:World-Sold-Non-fiction-Book-World-Succession-Deed.pdf

[3] Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969), Art. 76, UNTS Vol. 1155, p. 331.

[4] Körner, Article 76: Depositaries of Treaties, in: Springer Commentary, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-55160-8_80.

[5] James Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press 2007, ISBN 978-0-19-928042-3, pp. 667-700.

[6] Patrick Dumberry, State Succession to International Responsibility, 2nd ed., Brill-Nijhoff 2024, ISBN 978-90-04-70380-3, DOI: 10.1163/9789004703803.

[7] Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties (1978), Art. 16, UNTS Vol. 1946, p. 3.

[8] Arman Sarvarian, The Law of State Succession: Principles and Practice, Oxford University Press 2021, ISBN 978-0-19-885256-9, DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198852569.001.0001.

[9] Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969), Art. 30 (Application of successive treaties), pp. 13-14.

[10] Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969), Art. 26, UNTS Vol. 1155, p. 331.

[11] Federal Tax Office Koblenz, Deed Roll No. 1400/98 (Grundbuch Zweibrücken, 6 October 1998).

[12] ITU Constitution and Convention (1992), Constitution of the ITU.

[13] International Telecommunication Regulations (ITR Melbourne 1988), ISBN 92-61-03921-9.

[14] NATO SOFA (1951), 199 UNTS 67; see also Sari (2008), EJIL 19(1):67, DOI: 10.1093/ejil/chm046.

[15] Grega Pajnkihar, State Succession to Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts, 2nd ed., Brill-Nijhoff 2024, ISBN 978-90-04-67940-5, DOI: 10.1163/9789004679412.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]