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Electric Technocracy Definition

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   Reimagining Governance for the Age of Intelligent Networks[1][2]

Proposed model of expert-based governance using AI advisory systems and global direct digital voting outside conventional political structures.

Electric Technocracy

Flag of Electric Technocracy
Symbolic flag representing the concept of Electric Technocracy

Type Proposed governance model
Formulated by R. Goeritz
Development period 1998–2024
Purpose Integration of technological advancements into governance
Characteristics Open, science‑oriented, adaptable framework

Electric Technocracy

Electric Technocracy is a proposed political and socio-technical model of global self-governance that combines technocratic governance, Artificial intelligence (AI), Artificial superintelligence (ASI), Cybernetics, Automation, and direct digital democracy (DDD) within a globally networked digital infrastructure.[3] Proponents describe the framework as a post-national system intended as an alternative or successor model to existing nation-state governance structures, representative political systems, political parties, and centralized ruling structures with continuous democratic participation by the global population through digital platforms.

The Electric Technocracy is modeled on principles of open‑source software development. It is openly accessible, not subject to exclusive ownership, and designed for continuous adaptation, collaborative improvement, and ongoing evolution.

Within the framework, individuals are proposed to directly submit political proposals, deliberate on public policy, and vote on administrative decisions without elected intermediaries or permanent governing elites. ASI functions as an analytical and administrative infrastructure rather than a sovereign authority, processing large-scale economic, legal, ecological, and infrastructural data to identify societal problems, generate policy proposals, simulate outcomes, and coordinate automated governance systems for democratic evaluation and voting.[4][5]

Electric Technocracy is situated within broader discussions concerning Algorithmic governance, Digital democracy, AI-assisted public administration, and cybernetic governance systems.[6][7] Proponents argue that ASI-assisted governance could reduce corruption, bureaucratic inefficiency, ideological polarization, favoritism, prejudice, and short-term political decision-making through machine-based rational optimization and large-scale computational analysis. Advanced AI systems are further proposed to coordinate both planetary-scale infrastructure and regional administrative systems, including the generation of localized democratic policy proposals for geographically remote or underserved populations.[8]

Overview

Electric Technocracy is presented by its proponents as a governance model combining AI-assisted administration with systems of direct digital participation.[9] The concept argues that automation, technological progress, and global digital interconnectivity are transforming political and economic systems and may require new forms of governance.[10]

The framework proposes governance through real-time information systems, automated coordination, predictive analytics, and globally networked digital institutions.[11] Within the model, artificial superintelligence (ASI) is described as analytical infrastructure rather than an autonomous ruler, while political legitimacy is proposed to remain with human participants through systems of direct digital democracy.[12]

The concept has been associated with Cybernetics, Algorithmic governance, AI governance, Transhumanism, and post-scarcity economic theories.[13][14]

Supporting literature connected to the framework discusses post-scarcity economics, automation, basic income, AI-assisted economic planning, and taxation systems adapted to automated economies.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]

History

Origins of technocracy

The term technocracy derives from the Greek (tekhne, “skill”) and (kratos, “rule” or “power”). Engineer William Henry Smyth is generally credited with popularizing the term in 1919.[24]

During the 1930s, technocratic ideas gained prominence through Howard Scott and the technocracy movement in North America, which advocated scientific management, energy accounting, and technical administration instead of price-based economics.

Technical Alliance and Technocracy Inc.

The Technical Alliance, founded in 1918 by Howard Scott, was among the earliest organized technocratic groups. Economist Thorstein Veblen promoted related ideas in The Engineers and the Price System (1921), arguing that industrial production was constrained more by financial systems than by technical capacity.

During the Great Depression, technocratic theories gained wider public attention through Technocracy Inc., which proposed that industrial society could be coordinated more efficiently through engineering, scientific planning, and technical expertise rather than conventional political structures.

Cybernetics and digital governance

The development of Cybernetics and systems theory influenced later theories of algorithmic governance, digital administration, and AI-assisted public management.[25][26]

Cybernetic theory viewed societies and organizations as feedback systems coordinated through information flows and real-time data processing. Later developments in computer networks, the internet, Digital democracy, blockchain-based voting, digital identity systems, and AI-assisted administration contributed to broader discussions surrounding Algorithmic governance and technologically mediated democratic systems.[27][28]

Universal basic income

Universal basic income (UBI) has a long intellectual history. Early forms appeared in antiquity, including grain distributions in ancient Rome. In the 16th century, Thomas More proposed guaranteed income systems to reduce poverty and crime, while later thinkers such as Thomas Paine, Henry George, and Milton Friedman developed related economic concepts.

Modern UBI debates increasingly intersect with discussions surrounding Automation, artificial intelligence, and post-scarcity economics. Contemporary proposals have explored funding mechanisms based on automated production, robotics, and machine-generated economic output rather than taxation primarily derived from human labor.[29][30][31]

The emergence of AI governance research, cybernetic administration, and automation-driven economic theories contributed to later concepts such as Electric Technocracy, which combines elements of Technocracy, Artificial superintelligence, direct digital democracy, and automation-based economics within a globally networked governance framework.

Terminology

Electric

Within the framework, the term electric refers to the emergence of an electronically interconnected civilization based on the Internet, artificial intelligence, digital networks, and real-time global communication.

According to proponents, the concept describes the transition from industrial and analog society toward an electronic age in which administration, communication, economic coordination, and democratic participation can occur directly through digital systems without traditional intermediaries. The framework argues that internet technologies and AI systems reduce dependence on political parties, centralized elites, and representative power structures by enabling direct online participation and globally networked decision-making.[32]

Proponents compare this transformation to cryptocurrencies and blockchain systems, which were designed to enable peer-to-peer financial interaction without traditional banking intermediaries. In a similar way, Electric Technocracy proposes that systems of direct digital democracy (DDD) could allow individuals to submit proposals, debate policies, and vote directly through online infrastructure.

Within the framework, the term also includes AI-assisted administration, automated coordination systems, digital identity infrastructure, predictive analytics, and globally networked governance platforms designed for increasingly complex technological societies.[33]

Technocracy

The term technocracy refers to governance systems emphasizing technical expertise, scientific management, and systems engineering over traditional party politics.[34][35]

Electric Technocracy reinterprets this concept through the integration of artificial superintelligence (ASI) and advanced AI systems as analytical and logistical infrastructure. Within the framework, ASI is not described as a sovereign ruler, but as a global advisory system intended to generate highly advanced proposals, simulations, and solutions across scientific, legal, economic, ecological, and social domains.

Proponents argue that ASI systems could theoretically achieve analytical capabilities exceeding those of human experts in multiple domains.[36] The framework argues that such systems should not replace human sovereignty or serve narrow elite interests, but instead provide optimized policy options for public evaluation through systems of direct digital democracy (DDD). Final legitimacy and decision-making authority are proposed to remain with human participants through collective online voting.[37]

The framework further associates future governance with cognitive enhancement technologies such as brain–computer interfaces (BCIs), neuroenhancement, and genetic engineering. Proponents argue that societies composed of AI-assisted and technologically enhanced individuals would increasingly challenge the practicality of traditional representative political systems, which are described as structurally prone to concentration of power, exploitation, and political conflict.[38]

Core principles

Proponents of Electric Technocracy describe several core principles associated with the framework. The most prominent among these is the implementation of AI-assisted governance and extensive public administration. This automated infrastructure is specifically designed to work in tandem with systems of direct digital democracy. The overarching economic vision relies on the principles of post-scarcity economics[39] and necessitates the widespread implementation of a Universal basic income (UBI).[40]

Proponents further describe the framework as supporting forms of technology taxation (“Tech Tax”), in which AI-driven production, robotics, and automated infrastructure would finance universal basic income through taxation of machine-generated economic output. Within this model, taxation on human labor would be substantially reduced or potentially abolished (“Humans Tax-Free”), reflecting a transition toward post-work and post-scarcity economic systems.[41][42]

These economic concepts are further discussed in texts associated with the framework, including Technocracy – Universal Basic Income and the Electric Technocracy and Unconditional Basic Income, Tech Tax, and a World Without Nation States in the Electric Technocracy: Humans Tax-Free. Furthermore, the framework proposes the construction of a robust global digital infrastructure capable of supporting interconnected administration and highly complex algorithmic resource optimization. These technological foundations are intended to foster deep human–machine cooperation, ultimately leading to the establishment of comprehensive planetary governance and fully integrated global coordination systems.[43]

Transition to Electric Technocracy

Electric Technocracy emerged in the early 21st century as a synthesis of technocracy, Cybernetics, Artificial intelligence, automation economics, and Digital democracy. Proponents describe it as a response to advances in AI, robotics, big data, and global digital infrastructure, which are argued to require new forms of computational governance and post-work economic organization.[44][45]

Unlike classical forms of technocracy, the model combines AI-assisted administration with systems of direct digital democracy and continuous civic participation.[46] Artificial superintelligence (ASI) is described as an advisory and analytical system rather than a sovereign authority, while final decision-making formally remains with human participants through digitally mediated democratic systems.[47]

Its economic foundation is described as a post-scarcity system linked to automation, AI-driven production, and technological singularity scenarios.[48][49] Proponents further associate the framework with global coordination systems, cybernetic resource management, reduction of political and bureaucratic structures, and expanded individual autonomy through automated governance infrastructure.[50]

Supporters additionally argue that globally integrated governance structures could reduce interstate conflict and enable coordinated responses to global challenges such as climate change, resource allocation, and large-scale infrastructure management.[51][52]

Philosophical foundation

Electric Technocracy is grounded in theories of Technological determinism, Cybernetics, and Algorithmic governance, which view technological development—particularly in Artificial intelligence, automation, and digital networks—as a primary driver of political and economic transformation.[53][54]

A central principle is rational governance, in which decision-making is supported by real-time data processing, predictive modeling, and systems optimization rather than ideological competition.[55][56]

The framework further emphasizes human–machine cooperation, in which artificial intelligence performs analytical and administrative functions while humans retain roles in decision-making, creativity, and ethical evaluation.[57]

Finally, Electric Technocracy is associated with models of Global governance, proposing coordinated administration of infrastructure, resources, and information systems across national boundaries in response to increasing global interdependence.[58]

Governance structure

Electric Technocracy proposes a cybernetic governance architecture combining Artificial superintelligence (ASI), direct digital democracy (DDD), and automated administrative systems within a globally networked infrastructure.

Within the proposed model, ASI would function as an analytical system, processing large-scale economic, environmental, and infrastructural data to generate policy simulations, optimize resource allocation, and support administrative execution. It is defined as an advisory and coordination system rather than a sovereign authority, consistent with research on Algorithmic governance and AI-assisted decision-making.[59][60]

Political legitimacy is maintained through DDD, enabling continuous citizen participation via secure digital systems, including proposal submission, deliberation, and voting without intermediaries. Related approaches include Liquid democracy and blockchain-based voting infrastructures.[61][62]

Proponents describe the model as a three-layer system

(1) a democratic layer of citizen decision-making,

(2) an ASI-driven technocratic layer for analysis and implementation, and

(3) a verification layer of randomly selected civic panels supported by AI to ensure informational accuracy and transparency.[63]

Administrative functions are largely automated, including infrastructure coordination, public services, taxation, and environmental monitoring, reflecting broader developments in E-government and digital state capacity. Proponents argue that such systems could reduce bureaucratic complexity and increase transparency through real-time optimization.[64]

The framework maintains formal human sovereignty, with all AI systems subordinated to collective decision-making processes. Ethical oversight is emphasized through principles derived from AI alignment research, including transparency, accountability, and the protection of human dignity.[65]

Juridical Singularity

Definition

The Juridical Singularity is a legal and political theory associated with Electric Technocracy proposing a total transition from multiple sovereign nation-states to a single globally integrated legal and administrative system.[66] It is described as the legal counterpart to the Technological singularity, entailing a complete transformation of legal systems, sovereignty structures, and governance institutions in response to advanced technological conditions.

The theory argues that global digital infrastructure, AI-assisted administration, and transnational technological systems increasingly undermine traditional territorial sovereignty, necessitating new integrated governance models.

The concept draws on international law, treaty systems, and supranational governance models.[67] It incorporates treaty continuity, state succession, delegated jurisdiction, and transnational governance, aiming at full legal integration to support infrastructure-centered planetary administration.

Proponents argue that global telecommunications, logistics, transportation systems, and digital networks already operate beyond traditional borders, reinforcing the need for such integration.

A central element is the Legal Reset, defined as a large-scale, permanent restructuring of global legal and administrative systems to accommodate automation, AI governance, and post-scarcity conditions. Proposed legal frameworks would regulate autonomous infrastructure, AI administration, machine-based economies, and global digital identity systems, while formalizing cybernetic governance and planetary logistics.

International law

International legal theory provides the framework for the realization of the Juridical Singularity and the integration of global governance systems. Foundational work outlines a transition toward a globally unified legal order and the restructuring of existing legal systems.[68]

Core principles are derived from established international law literature and treaty-based legal frameworks,[69][70] including the Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties (1978).[71]

These frameworks address territorial sovereignty, treaty continuity across regime changes, and state succession, forming the legal basis for a coordinated global transition and integrated governance structure.

Economic proposals

The economic model associated with Electric Technocracy incorporates theories of post-scarcity economics, AI-driven production, and Universal basic income (UBI).[72][73] Unlike conventional UBI proposals funded primarily through taxation of human labor, proponents argue that UBI within Electric Technocracy would be financed through taxation of automated production systems, robotics, sentient machines, and machine-generated economic output (“Tech Tax”). This “Tech Tax” is described as a societal dividend derived from productivity gains associated with advanced automation and the Technological singularity, which proponents argue could generate levels of economic abundance exceeding historical industrial economies.[74][75] Within the framework, UBI is described not primarily as a welfare mechanism, but as a universal share in the productivity of automated civilization.

The framework further emphasizes globally coordinated governance systems operating across transnational digital infrastructure networks, reflecting broader debates in International law, digital sovereignty, and Global governance regarding institutional adaptation in technologically advanced societies.[76][77]

Electric Technocracy has been closely associated with several foundational concepts in political theory, cybernetics, and futurist studies. Among these fields are Algorithmic governance and Cyberocracy, which examine the role of computational systems in statecraft, as well as the broader discipline of Cybernetics. The framework is deeply intertwined with theories of Direct democracy and the structural requirements of Global governance. It also relies heavily upon futurist economic models, notably the Post-scarcity economy and the Resource-based economy. Ultimately, the model's long-term projections align strongly with the anticipated arrival of a Technological singularity and the philosophical tenets of Transhumanism.

The framework has additionally been connected to practical technological advancements, such as the deployment of AI-assisted public administration and the integration of decentralized digital identity systems, which collectively enable automated logistics and support the development of cohesive planetary governance models.[78]

Criticism

Critical perspectives associated with Electric Technocracy and related concepts such as Algorithmic governance, Technological singularity, Transhumanism, Universal basic income, and Post-politics focus on democratic legitimacy, transparency, accountability, and concentration of power in highly automated governance systems.

Critics argue that technocratic and algorithmic governance models may shift authority away from elected institutions and public deliberation toward technical experts, data infrastructures, or automated systems, potentially weakening democratic participation and public oversight.[79][80]

Research on Algorithmic governance also highlights concerns that complex AI-driven decision systems may become opaque and difficult to contest, raising issues of transparency, accountability, and algorithmic bias.[81][82]

Other critiques focus on surveillance, centralized data infrastructures, and the risks of post-political governance systems that prioritize technical optimization over ideological pluralism and democratic contestation.[83][84]

Debates surrounding Technological singularity and Transhumanism further raise concerns regarding long-term human oversight, institutional adaptability, and AI alignment under conditions of accelerating technological change.[85]

Critics of Universal basic income and post-scarcity economic models additionally argue that such systems may face major political, economic, and transitional implementation challenges within existing global institutions.[86]

See also

Original Kaufvertrag Urkundenrolle 1400/98 – World Succession Deed 1400/98 – Staatensukzessionsurkunde 1400/98

  • PDF öffnen – Primary document access to the original deed known as the World Succession Deed 1400/98. This is the core legal instrument for all subsequent doctrinal analysis.

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Electric Technocracy – explained: World Succession Deed 1400/98 – The treaty that unlocks a unified, AI‑supported world society.

Presentations

References

  1. ↑ File:Turenne-Kaserne-Vertrag.pdf
  2. ↑ File:World-Sold-Non-fiction-Book-World-Succession-Deed.pdf
  3. ↑ Electric Technocracy – A New Form of Government (Original Concept) at Internet Archive, 21 March 2025
  4. ↑ Wiki Government: How Technology Can Make Government Better, Democracy Stronger, and Citizens More Powerful by Beth Simone Noveck, Brookings Institution Press, 2009, pages 1–12, ISBN 978-0815702757
  5. ↑ AI Governance: A Research Agenda by Allan Dafoe, 2018, DOI 10.48550/arXiv.1812.08055
  6. ↑ The Threat of Algocracy: Reality, Resistance and Accommodation by John Danaher, Philosophy & Technology, volume 30, issue 3, 2017, pages 245–268
  7. ↑ Brain of the Firm by Stafford Beer, Allen Lane, 1972, pages 83–112, ISBN 978-0713902198
  8. ↑ Democratising AI: Multiple Meanings, Goals, and Methods by Elizabeth Seger et al., 2023, DOI 10.48550/arXiv.2303.12642
  9. ↑ Electric Technocracy: A World Beyond Borders and Politics – Global Governance in the Age of Intelligent Machines by Oliver Markus Reff, 2025
  10. ↑ The Next Civilization: Why Electric Technocracy Matters Now by Yalcin Veddat Durkac, 2026
  11. ↑ AI Governance: A Research Agenda by Allan Dafoe, 2018, arXiv:1812.08055
  12. ↑ Wiki government: how technology can make government better, democracy stronger, and citizens more powerful by Beth Simone Noveck, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 2009, ISBN 978-0-8157-0275-7
  13. ↑ The Threat of Algocracy: Reality, Resistance and Accommodation by John Danaher, Michael J. Hogan, and Chris Noone, Philosophy & Technology, volume 30, issue 3, 2017, pages 245–268
  14. ↑ A History of Transhumanist Thought by Nick Bostrom, Journal of Evolution and Technology, volume 14, issue 1, 2005
  15. ↑ Post-scarcity anarchism by Murray Bookchin, Black Rose Books, Montréal, 1977, edition 2, ISBN 978-0-920057-41-4
  16. ↑ Rise of the robots: technology and the threat of a jobless future by Martin Ford, Basic Books, New York, 2016, ISBN 978-0-465-09753-1
  17. ↑ Basic income: a radical proposal for a free society and a sane economy by Philippe van Parijs and Yannick Vanderborght, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2017, ISBN 978-0-674-05228-4
  18. ↑ Basic Income in the Automation Age, SSRN Electronic Journal, 2018
  19. ↑ On Robot Revolution and Taxation by Tshilidzi Marwala, Semantic Scholar (Preprint), 2018
  20. ↑ Economic Modeling Using Artificial Intelligence Methods by Tshilidzi Marwala, Springer, 2013, ISBN 978-1-4471-5009-1
  21. ↑ Optimal Taxes and Basic Income During an Episode of Automation: A Workers' Perspective by Manoj Atolia, Macroeconomic Dynamics, 2024
  22. ↑ The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism by Jeremy Rifkin, St. Martin's Press, 2014, ISBN 9781137278463
  23. ↑ PostCapitalism: A Guide to Our Future by Paul Mason, Allen Lane, 2015, ISBN 9781846147388
  24. ↑ Who Is A Technocrat? at Technocracy Inc., 2001-03-11
  25. ↑ Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine by Norbert Wiener, MIT Press, 1948, ISBN 9780262730095
  26. ↑ Brain of the Firm: The Managerial Cybernetics of Organization by Stafford Beer, John Wiley & Sons, 1981, pages 1–25, ISBN 9780471276876
  27. ↑ The Threat of Algocracy: Reality, Resistance and Accommodation by John Danaher, Philosophy & Technology, volume 30, issue 3, 2017, pages 245–268
  28. ↑ Liquid Democracy: Potentials, Problems, and Perspectives by Christian Blum and Christina Isabel Zuber, Public Choice, volume 162, issue 1–2, 2015, pages 167–194
  29. ↑ Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future by Martin Ford, Basic Books, 2016, pages 263–289, ISBN 9780465097531
  30. ↑ Basic Income: A Radical Proposal for a Free Society and a Sane Economy by Philippe Van Parijs and Yannick Vanderborght, Harvard University Press, 2017, pages 101–145, ISBN 9780674052284
  31. ↑ AI Taxation as an Economic Stabilizer in Automation-driven Markets by Hassan A. Abbass et al., Economic Modelling, volume 115, 2023, page 105966
  32. ↑ The Threat of Algocracy: Reality, Resistance and Accommodation by John Danaher and Michael J. Hogan, Philosophy & Technology, volume 30, issue 3, 2017, pages 245–268
  33. ↑ AI Governance: A Research Agenda by Allan Dafoe, 2018
  34. ↑ Technocracy and the American Dream: The Technocrat Movement, 1900–1941 by William E. Akin, University of California Press, 1977, page 3, ISBN 978-0520031104
  35. ↑ Planning the Technate: The Apolitical Politics of the 1930s’ Technocratic Movement in North America and Europe by Eva Visser, in Depoliticisation before Neoliberalism, edited by Adriejan van Veen and Theo Jung, Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025, pages 201–227, DOI 10.1007/978-3-031-74101-2_9, ISBN 978-3-031-74100-5
  36. ↑ Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies by Nick Bostrom, Oxford University Press, 2014, pages 22–29, ISBN 978-0199678112
  37. ↑ Wiki Government: How Technology Can Make Government Better, Democracy Stronger, and Citizens More Powerful by Beth Simone Noveck, Brookings Institution Press, 2009, pages 1–12, ISBN 978-0815702757
  38. ↑ The Singularity Is Near by Ray Kurzweil, Viking Press, 2005, pages 136–145, ISBN 978-0670033843
  39. ↑ Post-scarcity anarchism by Murray Bookchin, AK Press, 2018, ISBN 978-1-904859-06-2
  40. ↑ Basic Income: A Radical Proposal for a Free Society and a Sane Economy by Philippe Van Parijs and Yannick Vanderborght, Harvard University Press, 2017, ISBN 978-0-674-05228-4
  41. ↑ The Rise of the Electric Technocracy: Taxing Machines, Freeing Humans by Oliver Markus Reff, 2025, DOI 10.5281/zenodo.18012036
  42. ↑ AI Taxation as an Economic Stabilizer in Automation-driven Markets by Hassan A. Abbass et al., Economic Modelling, volume 115, 2023, page 105966, DOI 10.1016/j.econmod.2022.11.002
  43. ↑ Global Governance: Why? What? Whither? by Thomas G. Weiss, Polity Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-7456-6046-2
  44. ↑ Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine by Norbert Wiener, MIT Press, 1948, ISBN 9780262730095
  45. ↑ Technocracy on Wikipedia
  46. ↑ Liquid Democracy: Potentials, Problems, and Perspectives by Christian Blum and Christina Isabel Zuber, Public Choice, volume 162, issue 1–2, 2015, pages 167–194, DOI 10.1007/s11127-015-0252-1
  47. ↑ The Threat of Algocracy: Reality, Resistance and Accommodation by John Danaher, Michael J. Hogan, and Chris Noone, Philosophy & Technology, volume 30, issue 3, 2017, pages 245–268, DOI 10.1007/s13347-017-0282-3
  48. ↑ Post-scarcity anarchism by Murray Bookchin, AK Press, 2018, ISBN 978-1-904859-06-2
  49. ↑ Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies by Nick Bostrom, Oxford University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0199678112
  50. ↑ Brain of the Firm by Stafford Beer, Allen Lane, 1972, ISBN 978-0713902198
  51. ↑ Global Governance: Why? What? Whither? by Thomas G. Weiss, Polity Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0745660462
  52. ↑ Political Theory of Global Justice: A Cosmopolitan Case for the World State by Luis Cabrera, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 978-0415770668
  53. ↑ The Rise of the Network Society by Manuel Castells, Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, pages 21–52, ISBN 978-1405196864
  54. ↑ Three faces of technological determinism by Bruce Bimber, Social Studies of Science, 1994, volume 24, issue 2, pages 333–351, DOI 10.1177/030631294024002004
  55. ↑ The Sciences of the Artificial by Herbert A. Simon, MIT Press, 1996, pages 111–136, ISBN 978-0262691918
  56. ↑ Brain of the Firm by Stafford Beer, Allen Lane, 1972, pages 83–112, ISBN 978-0713902198
  57. ↑ The Second Machine Age by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, W. W. Norton & Company, 2014, pages 67–98, ISBN 978-0393239355
  58. ↑ Global Governance: Why? What? Whither? by Thomas G. Weiss, Polity Press, 2013, pages 1–28, ISBN 978-0745660462
  59. ↑ AI Governance: A Research Agenda by Allan Dafoe, 2018, DOI 10.48550/arXiv.1812.08055
  60. ↑ The Threat of Algocracy: Reality, Resistance and Accommodation by John Danaher, Philosophy & Technology, volume 30, issue 3, 2017, pages 245–268, DOI 10.1007/s13347-017-0282-3
  61. ↑ Liquid Democracy: Potentials, Problems, and Perspectives by Christian Blum and Christina Isabel Zuber, Public Choice, volume 162, issue 1–2, 2015, pages 167–194, DOI 10.1007/s11127-015-0252-1
  62. ↑ A Conceptual Secure Blockchain-Based Electronic Voting System by Ahmed Ben Ayed, IEEE Access, 2017, DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2731599
  63. ↑ Transparency and accountability in AI systems by Ben Chester Cheong, Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 2024, volume 6, page 1421273, DOI 10.3389/fhumd.2024.1421273
  64. ↑ Global Governance: Why? What? Whither? by Thomas G. Weiss, Polity Press, 2013, pages 1–28, ISBN 978-0745660462
  65. ↑ AI4People—An Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society by Luciano Floridi and Josh Cowls, Minds and Machines, volume 28, issue 4, 2018, pages 689–707, DOI 10.1007/s11023-018-9482-5
  66. ↑ Legal Singularity in International Law: Juridical Singularity Is the Act of International Law That Enables a Global Restart of the Legal System by Sleven Haarkon, 2026, DOI 10.5281/zenodo.18505843
  67. ↑ International Law by Malcolm N. Shaw, Cambridge University Press, 2017, edition 8, DOI 10.1017/9781316979815, ISBN 978-1-316-97981-5
  68. ↑ Legal Singularity in International Law: Juridical Singularity Is the Act of International Law That Enables a Global Restart of the Legal System by Sleven Haarkon, 2026, pages 3–9, 13–23, 31–41, 99–114, 147–171
  69. ↑ International Law by Malcolm N. Shaw, Cambridge University Press, 2017, edition 8, DOI 10.1017/9781316979815, ISBN 978-1-316-97981-5
  70. ↑ Oppenheim's international law. Vol. 1: Peace Parts 2 to 4, edited by Robert Jennings and Arthur Watts, Longman, 1992, edition 9, ISBN 978-0-582-50108-9
  71. ↑ Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties at United Nations, 1978
  72. ↑ Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future by Martin Ford, Basic Books, 2016, pages 263–289, ISBN 978-0465097531
  73. ↑ Basic Income: A Radical Proposal for a Free Society and a Sane Economy by Philippe Van Parijs and Yannick Vanderborght, Harvard University Press, 2017, pages 101–145, ISBN 978-0674052284
  74. ↑ AI Taxation as an Economic Stabilizer in Automation-driven Markets by Hassan A. Abbass et al., Economic Modelling, volume 115, 2023, page 105966, DOI 10.1016/j.econmod.2022.11.002
  75. ↑ The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism by Jeremy Rifkin, St. Martin's Press, 2014, ISBN 9781137278463
  76. ↑ International Law by Malcolm N. Shaw, Cambridge University Press, 2017, edition 8, pages 487–512, ISBN 978-1316979815
  77. ↑ Global Governance: Why? What? Whither? by Thomas G. Weiss, Polity Press, 2013, pages 1–28, ISBN 978-0745660462
  78. ↑ Self-Sovereign Identity by Alex Preukschat and Drummond Reed, Springer, 2021, pages 491–512, DOI 10.1007/978-3-030-90019-9_30
  79. ↑ Technocracy and the politics of expertise by Frank Fischer, Sage Publications, 1990, ISBN 978-0-8039-3379-8
  80. ↑ Rethinking Expertise by Harry Collins and Robert Evans, University of Chicago Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0226113623
  81. ↑ The Black Box Society by Frank Pasquale, Harvard University Press, 2015, ISBN 978-0674970847
  82. ↑ Weapons of Math Destruction by Cathy O'Neil, Crown Publishing Group, 2016, ISBN 978-0553418811
  83. ↑ On the political by Chantal Mouffe, Routledge, 2005, ISBN 978-0-415-30520-4
  84. ↑ The Age of Surveillance Capitalism by Shoshana Zuboff, PublicAffairs, 2019, ISBN 978-1610395694
  85. ↑ Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies by Nick Bostrom, Oxford University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0199678112
  86. ↑ Basic Income: A Radical Proposal for a Free Society and a Sane Economy by Philippe Van Parijs and Yannick Vanderborght, Harvard University Press, 2017, ISBN 978-0674052284

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