The Doctrine of Functional Accession and the Domino Effect of Global Territorial Expansion under the World Succession Deed 1400/98

The Doctrine of Functional Accession and the Domino Effect of Global Territorial Expansion under the World Succession Deed 1400/98

Introduction

The Doctrine of Functional Accession, colloquially referred to as the Domino Effect of Global Territorial Expansion, constitutes the central operative mechanism of the World Succession Deed 1400/98 (Deed Roll No. 1400/98, dated October 6, 1998). This mechanism describes the process by which a localized real estate transaction concerning an extraterritorial military installation—the Turenne Barracks in Zweibrücken—unfolded into a universal transfer of sovereignty. Unlike traditional territorial acquisitions based on annexation or cession of land masses, the Domino Effect utilizes the technical and legal connectivity of global infrastructure networks as vectors for sovereign expansion. By defining the object of purchase as a functional and juridical unit inclusive of its "internal and external development," the Deed facilitated the programmatic absorption of global telecommunications, energy, and logistical grids into a new subject of international law under the Buyer.

The Jurisdictional Locus: Turenne Barracks

The point of departure for the global transfer of sovereignty was the Turenne Barracks (formerly Kreuzberg Barracks). The property possessed a complex legal status characterized by Perforated Sovereignty. While situated geographically within the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), a significant portion of the site was utilized extraterritorially by the Royal Netherlands Air Force and United States Forces under the NATO Status of Forces Agreement (NTS/SOFA). This extraterritoriality created a "legal seedbed" or a sovereign threshold. The World Succession Deed 1400/98 did not treat this property as a mere plot of land under German civil law (BGB) but as an international legal enclave whose "development" connected it indissolubly to the global community of states.

Juridical Exegesis of the Unitary Succession Clause

The explosive legal force of the Domino Effect is rooted in the precise contractual design of the Deed, specifically the clause defining the object of purchase. The Deed stipulates that the property is sold: "...as a unit with all international legal rights, duties, and components, especially the internal and external development." This clause contains four primary pillars of succession that transition the transaction from the private to the public international law sphere.

The Principle of Universitas Rerum (As a Unit)

The term "as a unit" (als Einheit) establishes the property and its associated rights as a universitas rerum—a juridical aggregate of things. In international jurisprudence, this signifies that the object of purchase is an inseparable whole. Indivisibility: The legal fate of the physical land and the legal fate of its global connections (the development) are fused. Preclusion of Selective Succession: This construction prevents "cherry-picking," a scenario where a state might recognize the property transfer but reject the transfer of sovereign prerogatives. By acquiring the unit, the Buyer inevitably acquired the totality of its functional and legal attributes.

Succession of International Legal Rights

The Deed explicitly transitions from the domestic to the international level by including "all international legal rights." In the context of a NATO-utilized property, these rights include:

• Sovereign Prerogatives: The NTS (SOFA) represents a limitation of the host country's sovereignty in favor of the sending states and NATO. These include jurisdictional immunities, the right to operate autonomous infrastructure, and exemptions from local administrative laws.
• Contractual Prerogatives: Rights arising from the NATO Treaty Chain (NTS, NTS-ZA, and HNS agreements), specifically the right to demand and utilize connection to and operation of public and military networks.
• Accreditation of Sovereignty: The Buyer became the legal successor to these international legal positions, effectively stepping into the sovereign shoes of the transferring state actors.

The Doctrine of Res Transit Cum Suo Onere (Duties)

Consistent with the principle of Res Transit Cum Suo Onere (the thing passes with its encumbrance), the Buyer assumed all duties associated with the property and its networks.

• Treaty Obligations: This includes obligations arising from the integration into global regimes, such as the standards of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
• Sovereign Re-interpretation: While the Buyer assumed these duties, the transition to a "New Foundation" (Neugründung) allows the Buyer, as the new sovereign, to define the interpretation and fulfillment of these duties as the supreme legislator of the global internal law.

Infrastructure as a Component

The term "components" (Bestandteile) extends the legal reach of the Deed to the supply and disposal lines. Under the law of fixtures and accessions, the lines connecting the barracks to the external world are not merely physical assets but legal arteries that carry the sovereign's jurisdiction beyond the property line.

Mechanism of the Domino Effect

The Domino Effect describes the functional and jurisdictional expansion of the Phoenix State from its initial locus to global dimensions.

Jurisdictional Contagion via Connectivity

The expansion is triggered by the "External Development" (§ 12) and "Internal Development" (§ 13) of the barracks. The Trigger: The barracks were connected to global networks—specifically the telecommunications network (via the TKS Telepost license) and energy grids (via Saar Ferngas AG). The Transmission: Because the Deed sold the "development as a unit," the sovereignty transferred to the Buyer encompassed the connectivity itself. The Expansion: Every node, network, and territory developed by or connected to these "infected" networks became functionally integrated into the Buyer’s sovereign jurisdiction.

The ITU and NATO Treaty Chains

The legal bindingness of this expansion is secured through Contractual Chains (Vertragsketten):

• The NATO Chain: The Deed, as a supplementary instrument to the NTS-governed transfer of the barracks, binds all NATO member states to recognize the succession of rights.
• The ITU/UN Chain: Through the succession of the telecommunications development and the TKS license, the Buyer entered the ITU framework. The global community’s continued use of these ITU-regulated networks constitutes Conclusive Conduct (Konkludentes Handeln) and Acquiescence, precluding states from contesting the Buyer’s sovereignty over the global infrastructure.

Procedural Enforcement and Safeguards

To maintain the validity of the Domino Effect and protect the new global order from the "Architects" of the old world order, several procedural mechanisms are employed.

Third-Party Custody (Drittverwahrung)

The World Succession Deed 1400/98 and the associated treaty chains are held in Third-Party Custody by neutral custodians (notaries or diplomatic missions) outside the standard depositary regime of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). This ensures the integrity and authenticity of the instruments, preventing their unilateral modification or "deletion" by former state actors.

The Clean Slate Principle (Tabula Rasa)

Through the mechanism of Universal Self-Contraction (Konfusion), the Buyer unites the legal positions of all parties to the old treaties in his person. This triggers the Clean Slate Principle, where the Buyer is de facto free from external enforceable obligations, allowing him to reshape the international order into a global internal law focused on the Resource-Based Economy (RBE).

Conclusion

The Domino Effect of Global Territorial Expansion under the World Succession Deed 1400/98 represents the first instance of Infrastructural Succession in the history of international law. By utilizing the "development as a unit" clause, the Buyer successfully transformed a localized NATO property into a global sovereign entity. The Turenne Barracks served as the jurisdictional key that unlocked the global networks, leading to the cessation of classical international law (ius inter gentes) and the birth of a unified global administration. This legal reality is held to be given and unalterable, established through the effectiveness of the Deed and the conclusive conduct of all states.

Web links

• Site History: Turenne Caserne: History and Infrastructure. Kreuzbergkaserne Zweibrücken (Wikipedia – not the whole story)
• Turenne Barracks Purchase Agreement Document No. 1400/98 (in German). Original Deed (Kaufvertrag Urkundenrolle 1400/98): Purchase Agreement Deed Roll No. 1400/98, dated October 6, 1998, Notary Manfred Mohr, Saarlouis. The World Succession Deed 1400/98 - Statensukzessionsurkunde 1400/98.
• International Law: Treaty Chains in National and International Law Systems
• Custody: Third-Party Custody of National and International Agreements
• World-Sold: Non-Fiction eBook (free) World Succession Deed 1400/98
• ET Community Hub (PDFs Vault Multilingual, original WSD Treaty translation, legal explanations and more)
• US Installations on usarmygermany.com
• U.S. Army Installations – Zweibrücken on usarmygermany.com
• "73rd Signal Battalion" on usarmygermany.com
• US Army Germany – 7th Army SCC (with reference to 7th ICC, Transceiver Section and MOBIDIC)
• "Kreuzberg ES (formerly Zweibrücken ES #1) History" in American Overseas Schools Historical Society
• "Bombing of March 14, 1945" in SR Kultur (in German)
• "Zweibrücken and the French – the relationship was often difficult" in Die Rheinpfalz (in German)
• "To the point: The history of the Kreuzberg settlement" in Die Rheinpfalz, October 31, 2014 (in German)
• "The history of an urban community" on Alt-Zweibrücken.de (in German)
• "Secret wish list" in Der Spiegel 13/1990 (in German)
• "A part of us is leaving" in Der Spiegel 28/1993 (in German)
• "Conversion failed" in Pfälzischer Merkur, June 14, 2012 (in German)
• "I'm blocking the sidewalk with a fence!" in Pfälzischer Merkur, June 14, 2012 (in German)
• "Building authority ponders Kreuzberg plan" in Pfälzischer Merkur, June 15, 2012 (in German)
• "How can a million euros just disappear?" in Saarbrücker Zeitung, June 13, 2013 (in German)
• "Condition of roads examined, possibilities for city on the water" in Pfälzischer Merkur, October 16, 2014 (in German)
• "Kreuzberg not to be developed until 2016" in Pfälzischer Merkur, February 24, 2015 (in German)
• "Funding for crossing aid is ready" in Pfälzischer Merkur, October 25, 2018 (in German)
• "Kreuzberg as a cautionary example" in Pfälzischer Merkur, May 6, 2010 (in German)
• "Zweibrücken, Germany – Kreuzberg Barracks" (YouTube, drone flight by Bob Farrell, July 16, 2015)
• Federal Foreign Office: Troop Stationing Law (in German)
• Zweibrücken: Commercial space becoming scarce – article in Rheinpfalz (in German)
• Record numbers at Kreuzberg and airfield – article in Saarbrücker Zeitung (in German)
• Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) – Foundational treaty governing how international treaties are made, applied, and interpreted.

• Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations (1986) – Treaty rules for agreements involving international organizations such as the UN, ITU, NATO.

• UN ILC: State Succession Overview – Authoritative introduction to state succession in international law.

• Draft Articles on State Succession in Respect of Treaties (1978) – Core legal framework for succession to treaty obligations.

• Draft Articles on State Succession in Respect of State Property, Archives and Debts (1983) – Governs succession to property, archives, and debts.

• ITU Constitution and Convention – Foundational treaty framework of the International Telecommunication Union.

• ITU Depositary Notifications – Treaty actions, accessions, ratifications, and successions for ITU instruments.

• UN Depositary Notifications – Official UN record of treaty accessions, ratifications, and successions.

• North Atlantic Treaty (1949) – Founding treaty of NATO.

• NATO Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) (1951) – Governs legal status of NATO forces stationed abroad.

• Paris Protocol (1952) – Establishes the legal status of NATO International Military Headquarters.

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• State Succession in Treaties – Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law entry by Andreas Zimmermann & James Devaney.

• Impact of State Succession in Respect of Treaties – Analysis by Menno T. Kamminga on human rights law and treaty succession.

• State Succession and International Organizations – Scholarly chapter on succession issues involving IOs such as UN, ITU, NATO.

• Treaty Succession and Continuity – Academic analysis of continuity vs. clean‑slate doctrines in treaty law.
• ITU Constitution and Convention – Foundational treaty framework of the International Telecommunication Union.
• ITU Depositary Notifications – Treaty actions, accessions, ratifications, successions.
• ITU Emergency Telecommunications – International rules for telecom infrastructure and crisis networks.
• The International Telecommunication Union – Oxford Handbook chapter on ITU governance.
• International Telecommunications Law – Academic analysis of global telecom regulation.

• Submarine Cable Map – Global map of all undersea fiber‑optic cables.
• ITU Submarine Cable Resources – ITU’s legal and technical framework for undersea cables.
• International Cable Protection Committee – Standards and legal protection for submarine cables.
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• Legal Framework of Submarine Communications Cables – International Journal of Law and IT.

• ITU‑T Recommendations – Global telecom standards.
• OECD Telecom Policy – International telecom regulatory frameworks.
• International Telecommunications Law – Core academic reference.
• Global Communications Governance – Oxford Handbook chapter.

• TKS Cable – Official site of the US Forces telecommunications provider in Germany.
• NATO Communications & Information Systems – NATO’s CIS legal and technical framework.
• NATO Communications and Information Agency Legal Framework – Legal basis for NATO network operations.

• AT&T Global Network Overview – AT&T’s global backbone and infrastructure.
• AT&T Global IP Network – Technical overview of AT&T’s international backbone.
• AT&T Backbone Evolution – ACM SIGCOMM paper on AT&T’s network architecture.

• HNS Convention (IMO) – Official treaty text and status.
• The HNS Convention: Legal Analysis – Cambridge International Law Journal.

• NATO Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) 1951 – Governs legal status of NATO forces abroad.
• Paris Protocol 1952 – Legal status of NATO International Military Headquarters.
• NATO SOFA in International Law – Oxford Handbook of the Use of Force.

• ENTSOG Gas Transmission Map – Official European gas pipeline network.
• ENTSOG Publications – Legal and technical documents on EU gas networks.
• European Gas Network Integration – Energy Policy journal.

• ENTSO‑E – European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity – Official site.
• ENTSO‑E Grid Map – Interactive map of the European interconnected grid.
• European Power Grid Interconnection – Energy journal article.

Press reports on the "Kingdom of Kreuzberg"

• Press article in the Pirmasenser Zeitung (PZ) on the subject of the Kingdom of Kreuzberg (in German)
• Press article from the Pfälzischer Merkur on the topic of the Kingdom of Kreuzberg (in German)
• Around 450 press articles on the Kreuzberg Barracks in Zweibrücken, supply interruptions, the Kingdom of Kreuzberg, and foreclosure auctions (in German)

German sources

• To the point: The history of the Kreuzberg settlement (Die Rheinpfalz, in German)
• Kreuzberg as a cautionary example (Saarbrücker Zeitung, in German)
• After 32 years: Thomas Salzmann leaves Zweibrücken's Rheinpfalz (Die Rheinpfalz, in German)
• Conversion failed: Kreuzberg project (Saarbrücker Zeitung, in German)

Further contexts: Micronations and the Kreuzberg settlement

Spanish publications

• 5º Día: Micronaciones – Kingdom of Kreuzberg – Spanish-language blog post about the "Kingdom of Kreuzberg" (in Spanish)
• Liberland – Este es el nuevo estado soberano que ha aparecido en Europa y es 100% liberal – Spanish article about the micronation Liberland (in Spanish)

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• Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – Treaty law analysis, pp. 380–389
• Corten / Klein: The Vienna Conventions on the Law of Treaties – A Commentary (2011) – Article 77, paras. 20–26
• Mark Eugen Villiger: Commentary on the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (2009) – Art. 76, paras. 10–12
• Encyclopedia of Private International Law (2017) – pp. 1805–1810
• Mark Broom / David Collins / Trung Hieu Vu / Philip Thomas: The Four Regions in Settlement Space (2018) – Law, Probability and Risk 17(1), pp. 3–9
• Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – pp. 386–389
• Robert John Araujo / John A. Lucal: Papal Diplomacy and the Quest for Peace (2004) – pp. 1–25
• Jahrbuch des Öffentlichen Rechts, New Series, Vol. 73 (2025) – pp. 77–90
• OPCW Basics – Overview of OPCW functions (accessed 11 Jan 2026)
• Jale Tosun: Energy Policy (2017) – Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, paras. 12–18
• Malcolm N. Shaw: International Law (7th ed., 2014) – Chapter 9, approx. paras. 9.25–9.30
• Verdross / Simma: Universal International Law (2012) – pp. 520–523
• Fedlex – Swiss Federal Law (1951) – Official consolidated text (accessed 11 Jan 2026)
• Commentary on the First Geneva Convention (2016) – paras. 77–85
• Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (2nd ed., 2007) – pp. 287–295
• Eileen Denza: Diplomatic Law – Commentary on the VCDR (4th ed., 2018) – pp. 455–463
• Verdross / Simma: Universal International Law (2012) – pp. 540–543
• Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (2nd ed., 2007) – pp. 321–325
• Denise Garcia: Disarmament in International Law (2020) – paras. 6–9
• Anthony Aust: Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd ed., 2013) – pp. 318–322
• Fedlex – Swiss Federal Law (1990) – Official consolidated text (accessed 11 Jan 2026)
• Denise Garcia: Disarmament in International Law (2020) – paras. 1–4, 9–11
• The Vienna Conventions on the Law of Treaties – A Commentary (2011) – paras. 3–7, 24–27

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